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Vladimir Putin’s suspected elimination of Yevgeny Prigozhin | Mort de Evguéni Prigojine: Aurel Braun in the Conversation

Putin, who always views himself as a hunter, might well become the hunted.

August 28, 2023
in Foreign Affairs, Columns, Foreign Policy, Latest News, In the Media, Europe and Russia, Aurel Braun
Reading Time: 5 mins read
A A
Vladimir Putin’s suspected elimination of Yevgeny Prigozhin | Mort de Evguéni Prigojine: Aurel Braun in the Conversation

Photo by the Government of the Russian Federation, via Wikimedia Commons.

La version française suit.

This article originally appeared in the Conversation.

By Aurel Braun, August 28, 2023

Yevgeny Prigozhin, the leader of the Wagner Group, is presumed dead. Russia’s Air Transport Agency has said he was on the passenger manifest of 10 people on board a private jet that came down in a fiery crash close to Moscow, killing everyone on board, while a Telegram channel associated with Wagner confirmed his passing.

Plane crashes do happen, but in Russia, any unexpected events with political links are viewed with great suspicion. An incident of this magnitude will invariably cast suspicion on the Kremlin. Vladimir Putin’s regime is unlikely to be able to disown the crash — and there will most certainly be unforeseen and unintended consequences.

Many believed Prigozhin was living on borrowed time ever since he led an unsuccessful uprising against Russian forces in June, when he not only demanded a change in Russia’s military leadership but challenged Putin’s rationale for his war on Ukraine.

Eliminating opponents

Though Prigozhin said his actions weren’t an act against Putin, there could hardly have been a more brazen affront. Normally, Putin promptly and mercilessly eliminates opponents for far less.

In fact, during the morning of the mutiny, Putin labelled the mutineers traitors and their actions treason. Yet by the afternoon, faced with the reality that his military and his security services had shown no inclination to fight for him, Putin granted the mutineers amnesty. Several days later, he met with Prigozhin without punishing him.

The Russian leader was clearly faced with an intractable dilemma. His personality-centred regime — despite well-intentioned attempts by scholars to provide sophisticated theoretical characterizations of “Putinism” — does not fit the standard mould for authoritarian leaders. Various historical strands, philosophies or precedents for clues simply muddy the waters when it comes to Putin’s rationales and motives.

In certain ways, Putin’s rule is both more simple and more sinister. He is all about power and privilege, and given the nature of his corrosively corrupt regime, which the Economist magazine calls a “mafia state,” he must ruthlessly and visibly punish challengers to deter anyone from infringing on his powers.

Normally, Putin’s brutality has paid off and reinforced his image of invincibility. Opponents have been shot, poisoned, fallen out of windows or committed sudden suicide. Antony Blinken, the United States secretary of state, quipped recently: “NATO has an open-door policy; Russia has an open windows policy.”

Putin, however, also appreciated the risks of eliminating Prigozhin. He had good reason to be cautious.

Prigozhin loyalists

Unlike other political opponents, or various dissidents, Prigozhin commanded a powerful base. The Wagner Group, co-founded by Dmitry Utkin, may have been bloated by the recruitment of thousands of convicts, but at its core the organization is comprised of highly trained former Russian military men, often from elite units, who have been fiercely loyal to Prigozhin.

These men could be profoundly dangerous if angered and focused on a particular cause.

Yet Putin could not afford to have the leader of the mutiny go unpunished.

The early reaction of the Wagner Group to the death of Prigozhin, (and his No. 2, Utkin) — declaring on the social media platform Telegram that Prigozhin was a “hero of Russia, a true patriot of his Motherland… (who) died as a result of the actions of traitors to Russia” — offers a noteworthy warning of events to come.

In fact, just weeks before the mutiny, Prigozhin was portrayed as a hero in Russia. In Rostov-on-Don, he and the mutineers were greeted by the population with enthusiasm.

As news began to spread of his death, Russians began leaving masses of flowers at Wagner headquarters in St. Petersburg.

The risk here for Putin is that rather than looking strong and fearsome — which could be the case in the short-term amid state media’s reporting of the crash — he will also appear duplicitous and increasingly desperate.

Over the long term, it’s hardly inconceivable that the core members of Wagner, who so admired and were so loyal to Prigozhin, will seek revenge against the Russian leader. In that case, Putin, who always views himself as a hunter, might well become the hunted.

Aurel Braun is a professor of international relations and political science at the University of Toronto.


Cet article a été initialement publié dans la Conversation.

Par Aurel Braun, 28 août 2023

Evguéni Prigojine, le patron du groupe Wagner, est présumé mort. L’Agence russe du transport aérien a déclaré qu’il figurait sur la liste des dix passagers du jet privé qui s’est écrasé en flammes près de Moscou. Toutes les personnes à bord sont mortes, et une chaîne Telegram associée à Wagner a confirmé le décès de celui-ci.

Les accidents d’avion sont fréquents, mais en Russie, tout événement inattendu pouvant avoir un caractère politique est considéré avec une grande méfiance. Un incident de cette ampleur va forcément jeter la suspicion sur le Kremlin. Il est peu probable que le régime de Vladimir Poutine soit en mesure de rejeter toute responsabilité dans l’accident, et il y aura très certainement des conséquences imprévues et non souhaitées.

Nombreux sont ceux qui considéraient que Prigojine vivait en sursis depuis qu’il avait pris la tête d’un soulèvement raté contre les forces russes en juin, lorsqu’il avait non seulement exigé un changement à la tête de l’armée russe, mais aussi remis en question les raisons invoquées par Poutine pour justifier la guerre contre l’Ukraine.

Élimination des opposants

Bien que Prigojine ait déclaré que ses actes n’étaient pas dirigés contre Poutine, il aurait difficilement pu lui causer un plus grand affront. Poutine a l’habitude d’éliminer rapidement et sans pitié ses opposants pour bien moins que cela.

Le matin où se produit la mutinerie, Poutine qualifie les insurgés de traîtres et leurs actions de trahison. Pourtant, dans l’après-midi, voyant que ses militaires et ses services de sécurité ne démontrent aucune envie de se battre pour lui, Poutine accorde l’amnistie aux mutins. Quelques jours plus tard, il rencontre Prigojine sans le punir.

Le dirigeant russe se trouve alors devant un dilemme insoluble. Son régime reposant sur le culte de la personnalité — malgré les tentatives bien intentionnées d’universitaires de proposer des interprétations théoriques élaborées du « poutinisme » — ne correspond pas au profil type des pays menés par des dirigeants autoritaires. Différents précédents et éléments historiques ou philosophiques ne font que brouiller les pistes en ce qui concerne les raisons et les motivations de Poutine.

Le règne de Poutine est à la fois plus simple et plus sinistre. Le dirigeant russe ne pense qu’au pouvoir et aux privilèges et, compte tenu de la nature de son régime implacable et corrompu, que le magazine The Economist onsidère comme un « État mafieux », il doit punir impitoyablement et ostensiblement les opposants afin de dissuader quiconque d’empiéter sur son pouvoir.

En général, la brutalité de Poutine a porté ses fruits et renforcé son image d’invincibilité. Ses opposants ont été tués par balle, empoisonnés, sont tombés d’une fenêtre ou se sont soudainement suicidés. Antony Blinken, secrétaire d’État américain, a lancé récemment : « L’OTAN a une politique de porte ouverte, et la Russie a une politique de fenêtres ouvertes ».

Poutine était toutefois conscient des risques liés à l’élimination de Prigojine. Et il avait de bonnes raisons d’être prudent.

Les fidèles de Prigojine

Contrairement à d’autres opposants ou dissidents, Prigojine disposait d’une base puissante. Si le groupe Wagner, qu’il a fondé avec Dmitri Outkine, a été étoffé grâce au recrutement de milliers de condamnés, l’organisation est néanmoins composée en majeure partie d’anciens militaires russes hautement qualifiés, souvent issus d’unités d’élite, qui sont demeurés farouchement fidèles à Prigojine.

Ces hommes peuvent devenir extrêmement dangereux s’ils sont en colère et concentrés sur une cause particulière.

Mais Poutine ne pouvait pas se permettre de laisser le chef de la mutinerie impuni.

La réaction rapide du groupe Wagner à la mort de Prigojine (et de son bras droit, Outkine), qui a déclaré sur la plate-forme Telegram que Prigojine était un « héros de la Russie, véritable patriote de sa patrie… décédé des suites des actions des traîtres à la Russie », constitue un avertissement concernant la suite des choses.

Quelques semaines avant la mutinerie, Prigojine était présenté comme un héros en Russie. À Rostov-sur-le-Don, lui et les mutins ont été accueillis avec enthousiasme par la population.

À mesure que se répandait la nouvelle de sa mort, les Russes ont commencé à déposer des masses de fleurs devant le quartier général de Wagner à Saint-Pétersbourg.

Poutine va sans doute paraître fort et redoutable à court terme, compte tenu de la couverture de l’accident par les médias d’État, mais il risque de finir par donner l’image d’un homme fourbe et de plus en plus désespéré.

À long terme, il n’est pas inconcevable que les principaux membres de Wagner, qui ont tant admiré Prigojine et lui ont été si loyaux, cherchent à se venger du dirigeant russe. Dans ce cas, Poutine, qui s’est toujours considéré comme un chasseur, pourrait bien devenir celui que l’on chasse.

Aurel Braun est professeur de relations internationales et de sciences politiques à l’Université de Toronto.

Source: The Conversation
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