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Macdonald-Laurier Institute

The integration illusion: Seven decades of electricity trade data and the case against market restructuring in Canada

Forcing a full market restructuring to create a national electricity grid would be the wrong move.

July 13, 2026
in Energy, Energy Policy, Latest News, Intergovernmental Affairs, Papers
Reading Time: 6 mins read
A A
The integration illusion: Seven decades of electricity trade data and the case against market restructuring in Canada

By Edgardo Sepulveda
July 13, 2026

PDF of paper

Executive Summary | Sommaire (le français suit)

In May 2026, the federal government published Powering Canada Strong: A National Strategy for an Electrified Canadian Economy, casting electricity as the backbone of Canada’s economic sovereignty, industrial competitiveness, and climate ambition.

At the centre of the strategy sits a familiar and increasingly enticing idea: that Canada must become more electrically “integrated,” with provincial utilities more tightly connected both physically, through interties, as well as economically.

It is certainly an appealing vision – clean, unified, and modern. But its apparent coherence conceals a deeper problem: it rests on a misunderstanding of how Canada’s electricity system works, and what has made it successful.

Calls for increased integration have been gaining traction across policy circles and environmental groups, often framed as a necessary complement to wind and solar expansion. The logic is based on two mutually reinforcing beliefs: first, that Canada trades too little electricity East–West relative to North–South; and second, that the lack of greater integration is costing Canadians “billions of dollars in annual cost savings” that the federal strategy claims greater integration would deliver.

But that claim depends on highly stylized models that assume that provincial utilities will be unbundled and their transmission and distribution components separated into distinct companies.

Certainly, Canada would benefit from increased interprovincial and US trade and greater transmission. However, neither requires full market restructuring. In fact, evidence from jurisdictions that have attempted this type of dramatic restructuring reveals major downsides, including large upfront transition costs and significant price increases for consumers.

A new first-in-Canada author-compiled database of the volumes, revenues, and prices of interprovincial and US electricity trade over the last seven decades yields two key findings:

• The claim that Canada trades too little electricity East–West is not borne out by the data. Interprovincial trade volumes have exceeded US export volumes in most years since 1955.

• More consequential for policy, certain provinces – Quebec, British Columbia, and Manitoba particularly – built systems that let them export power, including to other provinces, for more than they pay for their imports. Those margins are the return on their public investment. Those three provinces used their export earnings to lower domestic rates, contributing to those provinces having the three lowest system costs in the country in 2023.

These export earnings exist because the three provinces kept control of their electricity systems and chose not to restructure them. If the market were fully restructured, those earnings would likely shrink, because export prices would converge around a common market price, reducing province-by-province spreads. These provinces would most certainly resist any federal move that would reverse a deliberate, decades-long policy choice that continues to pay off for their residents.

Utilities that have been required by provincial or state legislation to restructure — such as Alberta and Ontario in Canada, and about a dozen-and-a-half US states — have lost control over whether and how they trade, with negative consumer price consequences.

The Canadian electricity system is, as a whole, one of the most successful in the world. It has low average prices, high reliability, near-universal access, and a comparatively clean generation mix, built largely by regulated, vertically integrated utilities under public ownership.

The empirical record from jurisdictions that have actually restructured shows the folly of such radical change. Following the lessons learned from them, it is clear that the federal government should indeed pursue more trade and greater transmission – but forcing full market restructuring to create a national grid would be the wrong move.

This case against restructuring is not an argument for federal inaction. Jurisdiction over electricity rests primarily with the provinces and territories, but Ottawa still has a constructive role to play by accelerating transmission corridors.

The federal government must resist the temptation to impose its will – for which it has uncertain authority anyway. It can advance the increased trade and transmission that Powering Canada Strong seeks while leaving intact the very foundations of our successful electricity system, which rests on provincial grids.


En mai 2026, le gouvernement fédéral a publié « Propulser un Canada fort  : Une stratégie nationale pour une économie canadienne électrifiée », pilier de sa souveraineté économique, de sa compétitivité industrielle et de ses ambitions climatiques.

Au cœur de cette stratégie se trouve une notion familière de plus en plus séduisante, à savoir que le Canada doit devenir plus électriquement « intégré » grâce à des liens étroits entre les services provinciaux, sur le plan matériel comme économique.

La vision est certainement attrayante – propre, unifiée et moderne. Pourtant, son apparente cohérence dissimule un problème plus profond : une mauvaise compréhension du système canadien et de ses facteurs de réussite.

Les appels en faveur de l’intégration, souvent présentée comme un complément nécessaire au développement éolien et solaire, gagnent en popularité dans les milieux politiques et environnementaux. Deux convictions se renforcent  : premièrement, les échanges est-ouest seraient minimes par rapport aux échanges nord-sud  ; et, deuxièmement, le manque d’intégration coûterait aux Canadiens « des milliards de dollars d’économies annuelles » que la stratégie fédérale permettrait de récupérer.

Cependant, ces affirmations reposent sur des modèles hautement stylisés qui supposent le dégroupage des services publics en vue d’assurer la constitution de sociétés distinctes pour les transports et la distribution.

Le Canada bénéficierait d’un nombre accru de corridors de transport et d’échanges interprovinciaux et transfrontaliers. Cependant, ni l’une ni l’autre de ces solutions n’exige une restructuration complète du marché. En réalité, les expériences radicales passées ont entraîné des inconvénients majeurs, notamment en coûts de transition initiaux et en tarifs.

Une base de données inédite au Canada, compilée par l’auteur, sur les volumes, les recettes et les prix des échanges interprovinciaux et transfrontaliers au cours des sept dernières décennies, révèle deux conclusions majeures :

• Les données ne soutiennent pas l’idée d’un commerce est-ouest insuffisant. Depuis 1955, les échanges entre provinces ont généralement dépassé les volumes vers les États-Unis.

• Sur le plan politique, certaines provinces – notamment le Québec, la Colombie-Britannique et le Manitoba – ont établi des systèmes leur permettant d’exporter l’électricité, y compris vers d’autres provinces, à un tarif supérieur à celui qu’elles paient pour leurs importations  : on appelle ces marges le rendement de l’investissement public. Ces trois provinces ont pu réduire les tarifs intérieurs grâce à ces recettes, contribuant ainsi aux coûts de réseau les plus bas du pays en 2023.

Ces recettes d’exportation existent grâce au fait que ces trois provinces ont conservé le contrôle de leurs systèmes et ont choisi de ne pas les restructurer. Une restructuration totale du marché pourrait réduire les recettes, car les prix à l’exportation convergeraient vers un seul, réduisant les écarts entre provinces. Ces trois provinces s’opposeraient sûrement à toute initiative fédérale modifiant un choix politique ancien toujours bénéfique pour leurs citoyens.

Les sociétés de services publics légalement tenues de se restructurer, comme en Alberta et en Ontario ou, encore, dans une quinzaine d’États américains, ont perdu leur pouvoir sur leurs échanges et les modalités afférentes, avec des conséquences négatives sur les prix à la consommation.

Le système électrique canadien est, dans l’ensemble, l’un des meilleurs au monde : bas prix moyen, grande fiabilité, accès quasi universel et production propre, en grande partie grâce à des services réglementés, verticalement intégrés et publics.

Les exemples de restructurations réalisées par diverses administrations démontrent l’absurdité d’une transformation radicale. Après ces expériences, il est manifeste que le gouvernement fédéral doit effectivement favoriser les échanges et les corridors de transport. Il serait cependant erroné de restructurer entièrement le marché pour créer un réseau national.

Cet argument contre la restructuration ne signifie pas pour autant que le gouvernement fédéral doive demeurer passif. Bien que les compétences en matière d’électricité relèvent principalement des provinces et des territoires, Ottawa peut tout de même jouer un rôle constructif en facilitant la création rapide de corridors de transport.

Le gouvernement fédéral doit résister à la tentation d’imposer sa volonté – car son pouvoir est sujet à caution de toute façon. Il peut renforcer les échanges et le transport d’électricité que le plan « Propulser un Canada fort » prévoit, tout en préservant les bases mêmes de notre système électrique performant, qui dépend des réseaux provinciaux.

 

Tags: Edgardo Sepulveda

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