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Scorched earth: A quantitative analysis of arson against Canadian religious institutions and its threat to reconciliation

Sepulveda's report demonstrates that the increase in arson is likely a response to the announcements of potential unmarked burials at former residential schools.

April 24, 2025
in Latest News, Indigenous Affairs, Papers, Social Issues
Reading Time: 5 mins read
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Scorched earth: A quantitative analysis of arson against Canadian religious institutions and its threat to reconciliation

By Edgardo Sepulveda
April 24, 2025

PDF of paper

Executive Summary | Sommaire (le français suit)

The act of setting fire to houses of worship carries profound implications for our culture, our politics, and for the state of religious liberty in Canada; it also has the potential to seriously undermine Indigenous reconciliation.

This report undertakes the first empirical investigation of the spike in arson attacks on religious institutions in Canada since 2021. Few Canadians understood the full scope and scale of these attacks – until now.

Key findings include:

• Arson at religious institutions in Canada more than doubled compared to the baseline in 2021 and has not significantly declined since then.

• Statistical analysis indicates that the increase in arson is not religiously motivated. Instead, it is likely a response to the announcements, starting in 2021, of potential unmarked burials at former residential schools.

• Law enforcement’s inability to effectively investigate and prosecute arsonists, coupled with society’s general apathy towards condemning their actions, poses a significant threat to Indigenous reconciliation efforts in Canada.

Two broad motivating factors have been suggested to explain this increase in arsons. The first of these relates to a series of announcements regarding potential unmarked burials at some former residential schools (the network of boarding schools for Indigenous children instituted by the Canadian state and mostly administered for over a century by Christian institutions) starting in May 2021. The second possibility is that the arsons reflect anti-Christian or anti-religious sentiment growing in the country.

As of the time of writing, no groups or individuals have claimed responsibility with respect to any organized arson campaign, and less than 4 per cent of the arson incidents over the 2021–23 period have resulted in charges. So, the identities and motivations of the arsonists responsible for more than 96 per cent of arsons remain unknown.

Based on a careful analysis of the data, the report demonstrates that the increase in arson is likely a response to the announcements of potential unmarked burials at former residential schools.

Canada is not powerless to stop the arsonists. The apparent lack of a comprehensive policy response to date could impact support for reconciliation, possibly due to the perception that these crimes are not being addressed with the seriousness they deserve because of their association with the harms of the residential schools.

Canadian policy-makers should consider the coordinated policy responses that effectively addressed a series of church arsons in the United States in the 1990s. Some of the elements of those policies should be adapted and included in a uniquely Canadian policy response to arsons at religious institutions here, incorporating long-needed improvements to Indigenous police and fire protection services, among other elements. A uniquely Canadian approach should include the following:

• Create a national or regional integrated police/fire investigations unit focused specifically on arson at religious institutions.

• Improve Indigenous police and fire protection services, including to ensure full Indigenous participation in the integrated unit.

• Complete the long-running project of building and maintaining a comprehensive and timely national and on-reserve database of fire statistics.

Law enforcement officials need to thoroughly investigate and prosecute the offenders, and all Canadians must condemn the attacks – not least because they threaten the path to reconciliation and full Indigenous equality.


L’acte d’incendie dans un lieu de culte a de profonds impacts sur la structure sociale, les affaires politiques et la liberté religieuse au Canada. Il risque également de nuire aux tentatives de réconciliation avec les Autochtones.

Ce rapport présente la première enquête empirique sur la recrudescence depuis 2021 des incendies criminels ciblant des organisations religieuses. Peu de Canadiens saisissent toute l’ampleur et la portée de ces crimes – jusqu’à présent.

Les principales constatations sont les suivantes :

• Comparativement aux valeurs de référence, les incendies criminels ont plus que doublé en 2021. Depuis, ils n’ont pas diminué sensiblement.

• L’analyse statistique indique que l’augmentation des incendies criminels n’est pas généralement motivée par des considérations religieuses. Il s’agit plutôt d’une réaction dès 2021 aux communiqués sur les possibles sépultures anonymes d’anciens pensionnats.

• L’incapacité des forces de l’ordre à enquêter efficacement et à poursuivre les incendiaires en justice, couplée à l’indifférence généralisée de la société envers leurs actes, représente une menace grave pour la réconciliation avec les Autochtones au Canada.

Deux éléments clés pour expliquer la hausse de ce type d’incendie sont proposés. Le premier est lié à une série de reportages à partir de mai 2021 sur la présence possible de sépultures anonymes autour de certains anciens pensionnats (système des pensionnats destinés aux enfants autochtones mis sur pied par le gouvernement fédéral et gérés pendant plus d’un siècle principalement par des institutions chrétiennes). Le deuxième émane de l’aggravation du sentiment antichrétien ou antireligieux au pays.

Au moment où nous avons rédigé ce texte, aucune organisation ou personne n’avait revendiqué la responsabilité d’une campagne organisée d’incendies criminels, et moins de 4 % des actes perpétrés au cours de la période 2021-2023 avaient abouti à des poursuites judiciaires. Les mobiles et les coupables de 96 % de ces crimes restent donc inconnus.

Ce rapport, issu d’une analyse minutieuse des données, démontre que la hausse des incendies criminels serait une réaction à l’annonce des possibles sépultures découvertes autour d’anciens pensionnats.

Le Canada n’est pas sans moyen pour arrêter les incendiaires. Or, l’apparente absence à ce jour d’un programme d’action complet pourrait influer négativement sur l’appui à la réconciliation, dans la mesure où on pourrait penser que ces crimes ne sont pas traités avec tout le sérieux qu’ils méritent parce qu’ils sont associés aux préjudices subis dans les pensionnats.

Pour lutter contre les incendies d’églises, les décideurs canadiens devraient se reporter aux mesures coordonnées que les ÉtatsUnis ont mises en œuvre avec succès durant les années 1990. Certains éléments de ces mesures doivent être ajustés pour répondre à la situation spécifiquement canadienne, en y intégrant les améliorations attendues depuis longtemps pour les services de police et de protection contre les incendies dans les collectivités autochtones, entre autres. Une approche uniquement canadienne devrait comprendre ce qui suit :

• Intégrer les services de police et de protection contre les incendies. Le seul mandat de ce service intégré serait d’enquêter sur les incendies criminels dans les lieux de culte.

• Améliorer les services de police et de protection contre les incendies que dirigent les collectivités autochtones dans leurs propres communautés. Notamment, ces services autochtones devront participer pleinement à ce nouveau service intégré.

• Achever le projet de longue date de créer une base de données statistiques sur les incendies au Canada et dans les collectivités autochtones, et de maintenir cette base de façon compréhensive et efficace.

Les forces de l’ordre doivent mener des enquêtes approfondies et poursuivre en justice les auteurs de ces actes, tout en exhortant tous les Canadiens à condamner ces délits – notamment parce qu’ils menacent la voie de la réconciliation et l’égalité intégrale pour les peuples autochtones.

Tags: Edgardo Sepulveda

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