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Macdonald-Laurier Institute

Gatekeepers: Russia’s Coast Guard and the control of Arctic sea lanes

Russia is expanding its control over key Arctic sea routes through a modernized coast guard.

April 21, 2026
in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, Latest News, National Defence, Alexander Dalziel, Europe and Russia, Papers, Arctic
Reading Time: 5 mins read
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Gatekeepers file background

By Alexander Dalziel
April 21, 2026

PDF of paper

Executive Summary | Sommaire (le français suit)

Coast guards are essential to all Arctic countries. Whether it is security patrols, law enforcement, search and rescue or supplying remote communities, countries adapt their coast guards to fill the many roles that the Arctic’s unique and challenging conditions and characteristics demand. Russia is positioning itself to be the world’s gateway to Arctic waters. The Russian Coast Guard (RCG) is one element in the Kremlin’s strategy to shape the region’s future.

The RCG is being modernized with ice-capable ships to advance two of the most important dimensions of Russia’s Arctic grand strategy: locking down the Russian exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Arctic, and dictating who can use the Northern Sea Route (NSR) shipping lane that runs through it from the Bering Strait to the Barents Sea. In this agenda, the RCG is a low-profile but high-value asset. Primarily a border security police force, it is part of one of Russia’s most powerful ministries, the Federal Security Service (FSB). While not a military agency, it has a military-like culture – and low-end military capabilities.

Russia is prepping the RCG’s crews – known as maritime border guards – to aid in this mission in the “grey zones” of international law. Official publications tell them that they are ensuring Russia’s border and economic security in a hostile world of Western states looking to encroach on Russia’s “rights” in the Arctic. To that end, Russia is priming the RCG fleet to work in icy seas and conduct high-intensity “law enforcement” actions. These actions will enable the FSB Border Service spetsnaz – Russian high-end police and special forces – to fight terrorism and sabotage. These same capabilities, however, set the RCG up to be a “hybrid warfare” tool that can advance Russian goals in the sea lanes of the Arctic below the threshold of open conflict.

China has been a pioneer of aggressive hybrid zone warfare in the contested waters of the western Pacific Ocean. Its Coast Guard has become the RCG’s main international partner since 2022. They signed a co-operation agreement in 2023 and sailed together in Russia’s eastern Arctic waters in 2024, illustrating that Russia is willing to indulge an armed Chinese state presence in the region.

The approaches to the NSR and Russia’s Arctic EEZ in the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are also strategic zones for Canada, the United States and NATO. Off NATO-ally Norway, the Barents Sea is Russia’s access lane to the North Atlantic and nearby is the Kola Peninsula, which hosts a large portion of Russia’s nuclear arsenal. At the other end of the Arctic, the Bering Strait is where China, Russia, and the United States meet – and is a crucial passageway connecting west-coast ports to the western Canadian Arctic. The RCG will be active at these intersections – making it a factor in the maritime security considerations of Canada, the United States, NATO and North Pacific partners like South Korea and Japan.


Les gardes-côtes sont essentiels pour tous les pays arctiques. Qu’il s’agisse de patrouilles de sécurité, d’application de la loi, de recherche et sauvetage ou d’approvisionnement des communautés éloignées, les pays adaptent leurs gardes-côtes pour remplir les nombreux rôles que les conditions et caractéristiques uniques et difficiles de l’Arctique exigent. La Russie se positionne pour être la porte d’entrée mondiale des eaux arctiques. La Garde côtière russe (RCG) est un élément de la stratégie du Kremlin pour façonner l’avenir de la région.

La GCR modernise sa flotte en acquérant des navires capables de se déplacer en eaux glacées, afin d’appuyer deux aspects clés de la grande stratégie arctique de la Russie : le bouclage de la zone économique exclusive russe dans l’Arctique et le contrôle de l’accès à la route qui la traverse, du détroit de Béring jusqu’à la mer de Barents. Dans ce contexte, si le rôle de la GCR est peu voyant, il est tout de même de grande valeur. Avant tout une force de police frontalière, la GCR est subordonnée au puissant Service fédéral de sécurité (FSB). Il ne s’agit pas d’une organisation militaire, mais elle possède une culture – et des capacités de base sur ce plan.

La Russie prépare les équipages de la GCR – les garde-frontières maritimes – pour les « zones grises » du droit international. Selon les publications officielles, ils assurent la sécurité frontalière et économique de la Russie dans un monde inhospitalier, les États occidentaux cherchant à empiéter sur les « droits » russes dans l’Arctique. Ce serait pourquoi la Russie enligne cette flotte pour des missions dans les eaux glacées et des opérations de « maintien de l’ordre » à grande échelle. Ces opérations habiliteront les spetsnaz – unités d’élite des forces spéciales russes – du Service des frontières du FSB à combattre le terrorisme et le sabotage. Ces mêmes capacités feront toutefois de la GCR un instrument de « guerre hybride » destiné à atteindre les objectifs russes dans l’Arctique sans déclencher de conflit ouvert.

La Chine a été à l’avant-garde de la guerre d’agression hybride dans les zones contestées de l’océan Pacifique occidental. Sa garde côtière est devenue le principal partenaire international de la GCR en 2022. Les deux pays ont cosigné un accord de coopération en 2023 et ont navigué ensemble dans les eaux de l’Arctique oriental russe en 2024, ce qui démontre que la Russie est disposée à tolérer une présence étatique chinoise armée dans la région.

Les approches de la route maritime du Nord et de la zone économique exclusive russe dans les océans Arctique, Pacifique et Atlantique représentent également des zones stratégiques importantes pour le Canada, les États-Unis et l’OTAN. Au large de la Norvège, membre de l’OTAN, la mer de Barents représente pour la Russie un corridor vers l’Atlantique Nord; à sa proximité immédiate se situe la péninsule de Kola, qui abrite une partie importante de son arsenal nucléaire. À l’extrémité opposée, le détroit de Béring constitue un point de convergence géopolitique entre la Chine, la Russie et les États‐Unis – également un passage crucial reliant les ports de la côte ouest à l’Arctique occidental canadien. La GCR sera présente à ces intersections – et sera un élément à considérer dans le cadre des enjeux liés à la sécurité maritime du Canada, des États‐Unis, de l’OTAN et des partenaires dans le Pacifique Nord, notamment la Corée du Sud et le Japon.

 

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