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More hammers, fewer homes: Why a construction labour surge isn’t ending Canada’s housing crisis

Canada cannot build its way out of the housing shortage through labour expansion alone, housing policy must also focus on how efficiently homes are produced.

March 24, 2026
in Domestic Policy, Latest News, Housing, Papers
Reading Time: 6 mins read
A A
More hammers, fewer homes: Why a construction labour surge isn’t ending Canada’s housing crisis

By Murtaza Haider, Simeon Ranxha, Meet Shah, Chris McCulloch, and Stephen Moranis
March 24, 2026

PDF of paper

Executive Summary | Sommaire (le français suit)

Canada’s housing shortage is no longer just an affordability problem. It is increasingly a constraint on economic growth, labour mobility, and the ability of cities to function effectively. Despite record levels of construction employment and investment, housing supply continues to fall far short of what Canadians need.

The core problem lies in a sustained decline in residential construction productivity. Employment has surged, but housing output per worker has steadily declined.

This report examines the productivity of residential housing construction in Canada. Its central finding is clear: while some commonly cited measures suggest productivity has improved, they are poorly suited to housing policy. In dollar terms, value added in residential construction has risen modestly. But measured in physical terms – such as homes completed per worker or per hour worked – productivity has been falling for decades.

This gap between value-based and volume-based productivity measures lies at the heart of Canada’s housing challenge. It also explains why record levels of construction employment have coincided with historically weak growth in housing completions. The industry has become more productive at building homes that are larger or include improved, higher-end amenities. However, its efficiency in building housing in large numbers has worsened.

Expanding the workforce without addressing underlying inefficiencies will not resolve the housing shortage. It risks entrenching a low-productivity equilibrium in which additional labour raises costs without a commensurate increase in the volume of homes.

The consequences are visible across the country. Canada now employs more construction workers than ever, yet annual housing completions remain well below levels achieved decades ago, when workforces were smaller. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation estimates suggest that if productivity had remained near 1990s levels, Canada would likely build well over 350,000 homes per year rather than closer to 250,000.

Housing shortages are physical shortages. Families, employers, and cities are constrained by the number of homes available, not by how much money is spent building them. Policies guided exclusively by value-added metrics risk mistaking rising costs for efficiency gains while leaving the supply problem unresolved.

Several structural features are to blame for the weak productivity, including:

• Industry fragmentation: Most homebuilders operate on a small scale, limiting standardization of designs, technology investment and adoption, and process innovation.
• Capital investment lags labour growth. Residential construction has become more labour-intensive, even as skilled labour becomes scarcer, older, and more expensive.
• Too much red tape. Planning approvals, zoning rules, codes, and compliance requirements impose cumulative time and coordination costs. Poorly coordinated approval systems compound the problems.
• Several factors hamper the growth of productive firms, including land-use constraints, regulatory barriers, and fragmented markets, reducing competitive pressure and slowing the spread of best practices.
• Some (mostly smaller) firms are slow to adopt productivity-enhancing technologies such as modular construction, prefabrication, digital design, and advanced project-management systems. Risk aversion, fragmented procurement, inconsistent standards, and uncertain demand discourage sustained investment in industrialized methods.

Policy responses have focused on labour shortages, training, and immigration. These measures alone are not enough. Evidence shows that expanded training and certification do not, by themselves, reliably improve industry-wide productivity. Gains depend on addressing the underlying structural capital constraints identified in this report.

In short, Canada cannot build its way out of the housing shortage through labour expansion alone; a workforce-first strategy risks entrenching low productivity and higher costs. Housing policy must focus on how efficiently homes are produced.

Closing Canada’s housing gap requires a shift toward a productivity-led strategy. This includes:

• Enabling builders to scale across jurisdictions.
• Accelerating industrialized and off-site construction.
• Improving regulatory coherence rather than relying on blunt deregulation.
• Rebalancing capital and labour through tax and investment policy.
• Adopting productivity metrics that track both value added and physical output.

Canada’s housing crisis is ultimately a productivity challenge. History and international experience show that higher housing output is achievable when capital, labour, and institutions align. Without decisive reform, Canada risks perpetuating a cycle of rising costs, constrained supply, and declining affordability. With higher productivity, residential construction can once again support economic growth rather than limit it.


La pénurie de logements au Canada n’est plus seulement un problème d’abordabilité. Elle entrave désormais la croissance économique, bride la mobilité de la main‑d’œuvre et perturbe le fonctionnement des villes. Si l’emploi et l’investissement dans la construction atteignent des sommets, l’offre de logement, elle, ne satisfait pas les besoins.

Au cœur du problème  : un effritement constant de la productivité dans la construction résidentielle. L’emploi a bondi, mais le nombre de logements construits par travailleur n’a cessé de diminuer.

Ce rapport analyse la productivité de la construction résidentielle au Canada.

Il est manifeste que, bien que certaines mesures fréquemment citées suggèrent une amélioration de la productivité, elles se révèlent néanmoins incompatibles avec la politique du logement. Côté revenu, la construction résidentielle a vu sa valeur ajoutée croître modestement. Toutefois, côté volume (à savoir le nombre de logements achevés par travailleur ou heure travaillée), sa productivité baisse depuis des décennies.

Cet écart entre les mesures de productivité (valeur et volume) est central. Il explique aussi pourquoi les niveaux d’emploi record ont coïncidé avec une expansion modeste, historiquement, du parc immobilier. L’industrie a optimisé sa capacité à construire des logements spacieux dotés d’équipements haut de gamme. Néanmoins, sa capacité à construire un grand nombre de logements de façon efficiente s’est amoindrie.

Augmenter les effectifs sans corriger les inefficacités ne saurait pallier la pénurie de logements. Il risque de renforcer un équilibre à faible productivité dans lequel la maind’œuvre supplémentaire augmente les coûts sans une augmentation proportionnelle du volume des logements.

Les résultats sont visibles partout au pays. La construction emploie  plus de travailleurs que jamais, mais le nombre de logements achevés reste considérablement en deçà des niveaux observés il y a des décennies, lorsque les effectifs étaient moindres. Selon la SCHL,  le Canada aurait construit bien plus que 350  000  logements au lieu des 250 000 actuels si la productivité était restée la même qu’au début des années 90.

Le manque de logements en crée d’autres. Les familles, les employeurs et les villes s’inquiètent de la disponibilité des logements, et non des sommes dépensées par l’industrie. Les politiques orientées exclusivement sur la valeur ajoutée peuvent confondre coûts et efficacité, ce qui ne résout pas le problème de l’offre.

Plusieurs caractéristiques structurelles expliquent la faible productivité, notamment :

• La fragmentation : la plupart des constructeurs fonctionnent à échelle réduite, ce qui entrave l’harmonisation des modèles, l’investissement dans les technologies et leur adoption et, donc, les processus novateurs.
• Le retard des investissements en capital par rapport à la main‑d’œuvre  : le secteur est devenu à forte intensité de main‑d’œuvre, même si l’effectif hautement qualifié est devenu rare, vieillissant et coûteux.
• La bureaucratie excessive : elle impose une charge chronophage et des coûts de coordination, aggravés par des systèmes d’approbation mal coordonnés ‒ aménagement, zonage, codes et conformité.
• Les nombreux obstacles à la croissance des entreprises productives  : contraintes sur les sols, réglementations et marchés disparates limitent la concurrence et la diffusion des bonnes pratiques.
• L’hésitation de certaines entreprises (plus petites) à adopter les technologies innovantes  : construction modulaire, préfabrication, conception numérique et systèmes avancés de gestion de projet. L’aversion au risque, la dispersion des achats, l’hétérogénéité des normes et l’indétermination de la demande freinent les investissements dans les méthodes industrialisées.

Les actions politiques ont ciblé la pénurie de main-d’œuvre, la formation et l’immigration ‒ des mesures insuffisantes à elles seules. Tout indique que la formation accrue et la certification n’améliorent pas en soi la productivité sectorielle. Les progrès sont conditionnés par l’allègement des contraintes structurelles pesant sur le capital, lesquelles sont mises en lumière dans ce rapport.

En bref, le Canada ne peut pas résoudre la pénurie de logements en centrant sa stratégie uniquement sur la main-d’œuvre, étant donné le risque de maintenir une faible productivité et des coûts élevés. La politique du logement doit porter sur les modalités d’une construction efficiente.

Pour résoudre la pénurie de logements, le Canada doit adopter une stratégie axée sur la productivité en privilégiant les actions que voici :

• Faciliter les activités des constructeurs au-delà de leurs territoires habituels.
• Accélérer la construction industrialisée et hors site.
• Optimiser la cohérence réglementaire plutôt que de s’appuyer sur la déréglementation massive.
• Rééquilibrer le rapport capital/travail au moyen de la fiscalité et des politiques d’investissement.
• Utiliser des indicateurs de productivité mesurant à la fois la valeur ajoutée et les volumes.

La crise du logement au Canada est un problème de productivité. L’analyse historique et les exemples internationaux convergent pour confirmer que l’établissement d’une synergie efficiente entre capitaux, ressources humaines et institutions représente une solution adéquate. Sans réforme importante, le Canada risque de pérenniser un cycle de coûts élevés, d’offre insuffisante et d’inabordabilité. Une productivité accrue dans le secteur du bâtiment peut relancer la croissance, et non la limiter.

 

Tags: Stephen MoranisMurtaza HaiderSimeon RanxhaMeet ShahChris McCulloch

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