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Discrimination by design? Race-based admissions in Canadian medical and law schools

Rather than sorting applicants by racial category, universities should focus on ensuring that all prospective students, regardless of race, have the academic preparation needed to compete fairly.

February 25, 2026
in Domestic Policy, Latest News, Papers, Education, Reforming Universities
Reading Time: 8 mins read
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Discrimination by design? Race-based admissions in Canadian medical and law schools

By David Wand
February 25, 2026

PDF of paper

Executive Summary | Sommaire (le français suit)

Admissions to Canadian medical and law schools are moving steadily away from merit-based criteria toward identity-focused evaluations. While grades and test scores once served as the primary gatekeepers, many publicly funded institutions now use racial disclosure to influence admissions.

This shift has sparked national controversy over diversity, equity, and inclusion policies and “equity-based” decision-making. As these issues reach a flashpoint, key questions remain: is merit being displaced? Who benefits most – and who suffers – from DEI admissions policies?

Despite the intensity of the debate, concrete data on how these policies operate, and their actual impact on applicants, remains largely inaccessible to the Canadian public. This report seeks to fill that gap.

Eighteen law schools and 14 medical schools were asked to provide data on race-based applications and admissions. Only six law schools and eight medical schools agreed to do so. An analysis of the available data points to three main conclusions:

• Racial segregation and discrimination are evident in medical and law school admissions. These institutions encourage – or require – applicants to identify their race. In some cases, that information clearly affects outcomes: academically stronger applicants are rejected, while weaker applicants from preferred racial minority categories are admitted.

• Applicants who fell outside designated racial minority categories (i.e. “non[1]racial-minority” or “non-Black, non-Indigenous” applicant) experienced the highest levels of discrimination with few exceptions. This conclusion is based on gaps between applicants’ academic rankings and their admission results.

• This discrimination affected multiple groups of applicants. It impacted applicants that universities did not consider racial minorities, applicants from racial minorities that universities failed to recognize (some schools only included “Black” or “Indigenous” options to choose from), and applicants within the recognized categories themselves.

Key findings include:

• In nine of 14 schools, the non-racial-minority, or non-Black, non-Indigenous applicant group had the lowest acceptance rates. Even among the five remaining schools where the “Discretionary” and “Black” applicant racial groups had the lowest acceptance rates, those rates were much higher than if the applicants from these two groups had been required to compete against all applicants, regardless of race.

• Thirteen schools (with two exceptions for LSAT-specific analysis) admitted fewer non-racial-minority or non-Black, non-Indigenous applicants than would have been the case had they selected applicants according to their top-ranked academic performance.

• Further analysis showed that 216 applicants or 10 per cent were admitted with lower grades out of 2,150 medical and law school first-year students who were all from designated racial minority applicant groups. A similar admission pattern was also observed for LSAT/MCAT scores, with 132 racial minority applicants admitted with lower scores, or 6.1 per cent of the total number of admitted students. This analysis indicates that race-based admission policies result in the admission of academically weaker students.

• In every school that provided admissions data, the non-racial-minority or non[1]Black, non-Indigenous applicant groups experienced the highest number of rejections despite higher academic scores than the admitted applicant from other racial groups with the lowest academic score from their group.

• Most medical schools and many law schools refused to release their race-based application and admission data at all. This lack of transparency raises serious concerns about accountability in publicly funded institutions.

The implications are troubling. Institutional racism potentially erodes fairness and undermines public confidence in our standards for medical and legal education. Such racism is also remarkably resistant to scrutiny – operating behind policies that limit access to basic admissions data.

These findings give some specificity to broader concerns about DEI in Canadian universities and colleges, where critics have raised alarms about the growth of DEI bureaucracies, opaque hiring policies, and admission practices that prioritize group identity over merit.

Canada also stands out internationally. University officials in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands reported that race is not considered in admissions decisions for medical or law schools.

Policy recommendations to address the racial segregation and discrimination identified in this report include:

• Provincial governments should prohibit the use of race as an admissions criterion in medical and law schools.

• To restore academic rigour, these schools should rely exclusively on objective measures such as the MCAT, LSAT, and required prerequisite coursework. Provinces should consider suspending funding to medical and law schools that continue to factor race into admissions decisions.

• In addition, provinces that continue to consider race in medical and law school admissions should be required to publicly release race-based application and admission data using consistent, transparent measures of discrimination, preferably measures similar to the measures used in this study. Without this disclosure, governments cannot effectively oversee or correct the disturbing trend of racial discrimination that threatens the overall academic strength of our medical and law students.

Recent public debates in Canada, including high-profile campus protests, faculty resignations over DEI mandates, and legislative scrutiny of “equity hires,” reflect growing concern that universities are straying from their core missions under the banner of DEI. Rather than sorting applicants by racial category, universities should focus on ensuring that all prospective students, regardless of race, have the academic preparation needed to compete fairly. This includes access to tutoring, frequent testing, and meaningful academic feedback well before the application stage.

This report aims to prompt provincial governments to confront racial discrimination in medical and law school applications and to strengthen admission standards in medical and legal education for all Canadians.


L’admission aux facultés canadiennes de médecine et de droit tend de plus en plus à privilégier l’identité au détriment des critères de mérite traditionnels. Alors qu’autrefois, elle reposait essentiellement sur les notes et les résultats aux examens, la déclaration de l’origine raciale influe désormais davantage dans nombre d’établissements financés par l’État.

Ce changement a suscité une controverse nationale à l’égard des politiques favorisant la diversité, l’équité et l’inclusion (DEI) et du processus décisionnel dit « équitable ». Comme l’enjeu a atteint un stade critique, une question fondamentale reste posée : le mérite est il en voie d’être supplanté? Qui tire le plus de bénéfices – et subit les conséquences les plus négatives des politiques DEI?

Malgré le débat animé, les données empiriques sur l’efficacité de ces politiques et leur incidence sont, pour l’essentiel, largement inaccessibles. Ce rapport a pour objectif d’y remédier.

Dix-huit facultés de droit et quatorze de médecine ont été invitées à fournir des renseignements sur les candidatures et les admissions fondées sur l’origine raciale. Seules six facultés de droit et huit de médecine ont accepté. On en dégage les trois conclusions que voici :

• Il y a bien de la ségrégation raciale et de la discrimination en médecine et en droit. Les institutions incitent des candidats à déclarer leur race – voire l’exigent. En certaines occasions, cette information influe notablement sur les résultats : des candidats compétents sont exclus au profit de profils moins performants issus des minorités raciales favorisées.

• Sauf rares exceptions, la discrimination à l’encontre des candidats n’appartenant pas aux groupes raciaux minoritaires désignés, à savoir les candidats « non issus des minorités raciales » ou « non Noirs et non Autochtones » est la plus sévère. Ce constat s’appuie sur le décalage entre le rang académique et les résultats d’admission.

• En fait, cette discrimination a touché de nombreux groupes : les candidats non considérés par les universités comme issus d’une minorité raciale, non identifiés comme tels (certaines institutions ne proposant que les catégories « Noir » et « Autochtone ») ou même, parfois, issus de catégories reconnues.

Nos principales observations se présentent comme suit :

• Dans neuf des quatorze institutions, les candidats non issus des « minorités raciales » ou « non Noirs et non Autochtones » ont enregistré les taux d’admission les plus bas. Même dans les cinq autres institutions, les taux d’admission des candidats « discrétionnaires » et « Noirs », bien que plus bas, étaient tout de même bien plus élevés que dans un contexte de concurrence regroupant l’ensemble des candidats, peu importe leur origine raciale.

• Treize établissements (abstraction faite de deux analyses spécifiques au LSAT) ont admis moins de candidats non issus des minorités raciales ou non Noirs et non Autochtones, comparativement à ce qui aurait résulté d’une sélection appuyée exclusivement sur les résultats académiques, classés par mérite.

• Une autre analyse a révélé que 216 candidats issus de minorités raciales désignées, soit 10 % des 2 150 étudiants de première année en médecine et en droit appartenant à ces minorités, avaient été admis malgré leurs plus faibles résultats. Une tendance analogue a également été constatée aux tests LSAT (test d’admission pour une école de droit) et MCAT (test d’admission pour une école de médecine), 132 candidats issus de minorités raciales désignées ayant été admis malgré leurs plus faibles résultats, soit 6,1 %. Cette analyse souligne que les politiques d’admission fondées sur l’origine raciale tendent à admettre des candidats dont le niveau académique est comparativement plus faible.

• Dans toutes les universités répondantes, les candidats non issus des minorités raciales ou non-Noirs et non-Autochtones ont essuyé le plus de refus, malgré leurs résultats académiques supérieurs à ceux des candidats admis appartenant à d’autres groupes raciaux et présentant les résultats les plus faibles de leur groupe.

• La majorité des facultés de médecine et de nombreuses facultés de droit ont refusé de publier leurs données sur l’origine raciale. Ce manque de transparence soulève de sérieuses préoccupations quant à la responsabilisation d’institutions financées par des fonds publics.

Les conséquences inquiètent. Le racisme institutionnel peut compromettre l’équité et la confiance du public à l’égard de l’enseignement médical et juridique. Ce racisme défie tout examen, protégé par des politiques qui restreignent l’accès aux informations fondamentales sur les admissions.

Ces conclusions font ressortir des préoccupations plus vastes à l’égard des institutions d’enseignement : les critiques sonnent l’alarme quant à la croissance des bureaucraties dédiées à la DEI, aux politiques d’embauche opaques et aux pratiques qui semblent favoriser l’identité au détriment du mérite.

Le Canada se distingue aussi sur la scène internationale. Les instances dirigeantes universitaires du Danemark, de la Finlande, de la Norvège, de la Suède et des Pays Bas ont signalé que l’appartenance raciale n’était pas un critère d’admission aux études en médecine ou en droit.

Les recommandations en matière de politiques visant à lutter contre la ségrégation raciale et la discrimination, qui sont l’objet de ce rapport, comprennent les éléments suivants :

• Les provinces doivent interdire l’information sur la race comme critère d’admission dans les facultés de médecine et de droit.

• Pour rétablir la rigueur académique, ces facultés doivent adopter des critères d’évaluation objectifs, tels que le MCAT, le LSAT, et les cours préparatoires. Les provinces doivent interrompre le financement des facultés de médecine et de droit qui intègrent la race en tant que critère d’admission.

• De plus, les provinces qui persistent à tenir compte de l’origine raciale dans les décisions d’admission en médecine et en droit doivent être tenues de publier leurs données au moyen d’indicateurs de discrimination uniformes et transparents, analogues à ceux de cette étude. En cas contraire, les gouvernements ne peuvent pas encadrer ou corriger de façon efficace la discrimination raciale qui compromet la qualité académique en médecine et en droit.

Les récents débats au Canada, y compris les grandes manifestations sur les campus, les démissions de professeurs à cause des mandats DEI et l’examen des « embauches équitables », montrent une inquiétude croissante quant au fait que les universités s’éloignent de leurs missions fondamentales au nom de la DEI. Plutôt que de catégoriser les candidats en fonction de leur appartenance raciale, les universités doivent concentrer leurs efforts sur la préparation académique nécessaire à une concurrence équitable pour tous les corps étudiants, indépendamment de l’origine raciale. Cela englobe le tutorat, des évaluations régulières, ainsi qu’une rétroaction constructive préalable à la soumission d’une candidature.

Ce rapport encourage les gouvernements provinciaux à combattre la discrimination raciale et à relever les critères d’admission en médecine et en droit pour l’ensemble des Canadiennes et Canadiens.

 

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