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Macdonald-Laurier Institute

Blackout: Canada’s impending electricity crisis and how to fix it

Canadians must push their politicians for change before the current supply conditions get even worse.

March 15, 2026
in Energy, Energy Policy, Latest News, Energy - papers, Papers, Heather Exner-Pirot
Reading Time: 6 mins read
A A
Blackout: Canada’s impending electricity crisis and how to fix it

By Heather Exner-Pirot
March 16, 2026

PDF of paper

Executive Summary | Sommaire (le français suit)

Electricity is not a regular commodity or service. It is the foundation of economic growth and material well-being, underpinning productivity, income, health, and quality of life.

Canadians have long enjoyed abundant electricity, with higher generation levels, lower prices, and a cleaner grid than their OECD peers. Affordable and reliable electricity has been crucial to the competitiveness of energy-intensive sectors such as steel, aluminum, pulp and paper, chemicals, and fertilizer. In Canada, electricity hasn’t just correlated with growth – it has driven it.

Yet this long-standing surplus is now at risk. Demand is rising due to AI data centres, natural resource development, electrification, and population growth, while generation has fallen both in absolute and per capita terms.

The most obvious manifestation of this trend is that Canada recently became a net importer of electricity from the United States.

Investment in this critical input is flat. Burdensome regulations, market shifts, and climate policy uncertainty have hindered the development of new electricity supply. Over the past two decades, governments in Canada prioritized grid sustainability, even at the expense of reliability and affordability. Our electricity surplus has diminished because we became complacent. The sector now demands our attention – and we must respond intelligently.

Canada must act now to prevent a looming electricity shortage. This will require pragmatic climate policies, stable and predictable policy frameworks, and measures that attract private investment.

The decades of electricity abundance and affordability are coming to an end. Generation is down, exports have become imports, and investment is flat. At a time when electricity is increasingly scarce and its availability is a key competitive advantage, Canada’s impending shortage is not just an affordability issue – it is also an economic and security crisis.

Canadians must push their politicians for change before the current supply conditions get even worse.

Key recommendations include:

• Stability and certainty: As energy becomes increasingly politicized, stability in Canadian electricity policy has eroded. Frequent changes to policies, strategies, mandates, and regulations – often annually – have prevented consensus on long-term goals and imposed real economic costs. Investors and project proponents need confidence that policy trajectories will persist beyond the next election. Achieving this requires durable policies developed in coordination with utilities and industry stakeholders, supported by strong provincial–federal collaboration.

• Pragmatic climate policy: Climate policy has shaped most electricity decisions in Canada over the past two decades. While electricity systems aim to balance reliability, affordability, and sustainability, federal policy has prioritized sustainability at the expense of the other two – despite most ratepayers placing reliability and affordability first. Canada’s grid is already largely clean; making the final 20 per cent non-emitting will be far more expensive than the first 80 per cent, and beyond what many ratepayers can or will fund. The Clean Electricity Regulations (CER) are therefore incompatible with reliability and affordability goals and risk creating scarcity. Although the Alberta–Canada MOU allows a potential CER carve-out, it depends on renegotiating industrial carbon pricing. A stable and competitive industrial carbon price – ideally $80–90 per tonne through established provincial systems – is a more effective way to drive efficiency and technology adoption without overburdening customers or harming sector competitiveness.

• Private sector attraction: The scale of Canada’s electricity needs and challenges means that public sector spending cannot fill the gaps. For the country to achieve its electricity and economic goals, the private sector must have confidence that it can allocate capital in Canada in a reasonable amount of time, for a reasonable return on investment. It is not enough for Canada to decide that it is ready to grow; it must also compete. As such, policymakers should adopt policies that foster a competitive investment climate, including clear and predictable tax rules and incentives. The indicators of success for Canada’s electricity policy should be clear: growing private sector investment, absolute and per capita generation and transmission growth, and competitive, stable pricing compared with peer jurisdictions.


L’électricité n’est pas un produit ou un service courant. Elle est essentielle pour le développement économique et le bien-être matériel, servant de base à la productivité, aux revenus, à la santé et à la qualité de vie.

Le Canada a pendant longtemps bénéficié d’une électricité abondante, peu coûteuse et propre, ce qui le distingue favorablement des autres pays de l’OCDE. L’approvisionnement électrique abordable et fiable a été crucial pour la compétitivité des secteurs industriels énergivores comme l’acier, l’aluminium, les pâtes et papiers, les produits chimiques et les engrais. En effet, l’électricité ne s’est pas contentée de suivre la croissance économique, elle en a été le véritable catalyseur.

Pourtant, les surplus d’autrefois sont maintenant menacés. L’expansion rapide des centres de données d’IA, l’exploitation accrue des ressources, l’électrification et la croissance démographique font augmenter la demande, alors que la production diminue, tant globalement que par habitant.

En effet, le Canada est récemment devenu un importateur net d’électricité des États-Unis.

Les investissements dans ce secteur clé stagnent. Les réglementations contraignantes, les marchés changeants et l’incertitude politique ont ralenti le déploiement de nouvelles sources. Depuis deux décennies, les gouvernements privilégient la durabilité environnementale au détriment de la fiabilité et des coûts. La diminution de nos surplus résulte de notre complaisance. Il est crucial d’y prêter toute notre attention – et de faire preuve de discernement.

Le Canada doit prendre des mesures immédiates pour éviter les pénuries imminentes : des politiques climatiques réalistes, accompagnées d’un cadre réglementaire stable et prévisible et d’incitatifs efficaces pour attirer les investissements privés.

Les décennies d’abondance et d’abordabilité sont révolues. La production diminue, les importations dépassent les exportations et les investissements stagnent. En raison de la raréfaction croissante de l’électricité au Canada et de la perte prévisible de cet avantage concurrentiel clé, les pénuries imminentes ne se limitent pas à un enjeu d’abordabilité – elles posent un défi majeur pour l’économie et la sécurité.

Il est impératif que les Canadiennes et les Canadiens interpellent leurs représentants politiques pour empêcher une conjoncture encore pire. Les points à retenir sont les suivants :

• Stabilité et certitude: L’instrumentalisation grandissante de l’énergie a ébranlé les fondations de la politique électrique canadienne. Les changements fréquents apportés aux politiques, stratégies, mandats et réglementations – souvent annuellement – ont empêché la formation d’un consensus sur les objectifs à long terme et imposé des coûts économiques réels. Afin d’apaiser les craintes des investisseurs et des promoteurs, il est crucial de garantir la stabilité des décisions politiques au-delà d’un mandat électoral. Pour y parvenir, il est recommandé de collaborer avec les services publics et les parties prenantes pour élaborer des politiques qui bénéficient d’un large soutien au sein des provinces et du gouvernement fédéral.

• Politique climatique réaliste: La politique climatique domine les décisions en matière d’électricité au Canada depuis vingt ans. Bien que les réseaux électriques visent à concilier fiabilité, abordabilité et durabilité, la politique fédérale a priorisé la durabilité à l’encontre des préférences de la majorité des contribuables, pour lesquels la fiabilité et l’abordabilité priment. Le réseau électrique canadien est déjà propre, mais la conversion des 20 % restants sera coûteuse et dépassera les capacités financières de nombreux contribuables. Le Règlement sur l’électricité propre  (REP) est donc incompatible avec les objectifs de fiabilité et d’abordabilité et risque d’entraîner des pénuries. Le protocole d’entente Alberta-Canada permet une exemption, mais nécessite une révision du prix du carbone industriel. Un prix stable et concurrentiel (entre 80 $ et 90 $ la tonne) via des systèmes provinciaux éprouvés est une méthode plus efficace pour favoriser l’efficacité et l’adoption de technologies, sans surcharger les consommateurs ni nuire à la compétitivité du secteur.

• Mobilisation du secteur privé: Les besoins et les défis en électricité au Canada sont importants, ce qui signifie que les investissements publics ne suffiront pas. Afin d’atteindre les objectifs énergétiques et économiques du pays, le secteur privé doit pouvoir investir rapidement et anticiper un rendement adéquat. Pour le Canada, il ne suffit pas de se déclarer prêt. Il doit aussi être concurrentiel. Il est donc recommandé aux décideurs d’adopter des politiques favorisant un climat d’investissement concurrentiel, notamment au moyen de règles fiscales et d’incitatifs clairs et prévisibles. La politique canadienne doit intégrer des critères de réussite transparents  : augmentation des investissements privés, développement de la production et du transport globalement et par habitant, compétitivité et stabilité des prix par rapport aux pays comparables.

 

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