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Macdonald-Laurier Institute

Unseating responsible government: Judicial interference in Canada’s parliamentary democracy

Canada’s constitutional order depends on a careful balance between political and judicial authority.

May 12, 2026
in Domestic Policy, Latest News, Papers, Justice, Geoffrey Sigalet
Reading Time: 6 mins read
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Unseating responsible government: Judicial interference in Canada’s parliamentary democracy

By Geoffrey Sigalet, Kerry Sun, and Yuan Yi Zhu
May 12, 2026

PDF of paper

Executive Summary | Sommaire (le français suit)

When the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into force in 1982, many warned that it would undermine the foundations of Canada’s system of parliamentary democracy and usher in a new age of judicial supremacy. For a time, those concerns appeared overstated. Canadian courts exercised a degree of restraint, and the basic contours of Westminster parliamentary governance remained intact. More than 40 years later, that early judicial restraint has largely given way.

Canadian courts now play a far more assertive and expansive role in shaping the country’s political and legal order. What was once a system grounded firmly in parliamentary supremacy has been steadily reworked through constitutional interpretation. This shift has not occurred through formal amendment or explicit redesign. Instead, it has emerged gradually through judicial decisions that have redefined both the meaning of rights and the proper role of courts in public life.

The cumulative effect is an erosion of Parliament’s traditional authority. Legislatures continue to pass laws, but they do so in an environment where the boundaries of acceptable policy are increasingly determined through litigation. Over time, this has altered the balance between political and judicial authority at the heart of Canada’s constitutional system.

This troubling transformation has unfolded through several distinct but reinforcing developments:

• The invention of the “living tree” as an autonomous approach to constitutional interpretation, enabling courts to expand constitutional meaning over time and move beyond earlier constraints.

• The relativization of Charter rights under section 1, where rights are routinely subordinated to broad and ad hoc judicial balancing.

• The expansive, substantive reading given to section 7’s guarantee of “life, liberty, and security of the person,” transforming it into a wide-ranging basis for reviewing legislation.

• The elevation of “reasonable hypotheticals” as a basis for finding legislation non-compliant with the Charter, particularly in the application of section 12’s provision against cruel and unusual punishment to mandatory minimum sentences.

• The inflation of equality rights under section 15 through an interpretation that extends judicial oversight into complex areas of social policy.

• An increasing tendency to countenance judicial supervision of the parliamentary process, marking a departure from traditional boundaries between courts and legislatures.

Taken together, they represent a significant shift away from the traditional foundations of parliamentary democracy in Canada. Through the accretion of undisciplined judicial interpretations, courts are, in important respects, reshaping the scope of legislative authority.

Restoring constitutional balance will involve making use of the mechanisms in our constitution that are designed to preserve the role of political authority alongside the courts. Governments should act deliberately and consistently in defence of their institutional role, including by:

• Reasserting legislative freedom by invoking section 33 of the Charter, also known as the notwithstanding clause or parliamentary sovereignty clause, where warranted.

• Instructing Crown counsel to advocate for revisiting problematic judicial precedents in defending against lawfare – litigation intended to subvert public policymaking.

• Preventing courts from questioning parliamentary proceedings by amending legislation governing the admission of evidence.

• Curtailing lawfare by tightening procedural thresholds for Crown liability.

• Correcting the Supreme Court’s misinterpretation of section 24 of the Charter, by amending it to limit the remedies that courts may grant in relation to legislative conduct or proceedings.

Canada’s constitutional order depends on a careful balance between political and judicial authority. That balance has shifted – gradually, but decisively. Reasserting it is essential to preserving a system in which elected representatives, not courts, remain at the centre of public decision-making.


Lorsque la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés a été mise en vigueur en 1982, de nombreuses voix ont signalé son potentiel à compromettre les bases de la démocratie parlementaire et à inaugurer une ère de suprématie judiciaire au Canada. Pendant un moment, ces craintes ont paru exagérées, les tribunaux ayant fait preuve de retenue, et la gouvernance parlementaire de type Westminster étant restée intacte. Plus de 40 ans après, cette retenue judiciaire initiale a largement disparu.

Les tribunaux jouent désormais un rôle bien plus important pour l’ordre politique et juridique du pays. L’interprétation constitutionnelle a graduellement transformé un système autrefois fondé sur la primauté du Parlement. Ce changement n’est pas le fruit d’un amendement ou d’une refonte explicite, mais des décisions judiciaires qui ont progressivement redéfini à la fois les droits et le rôle des tribunaux dans la vie publique.

L’effet cumulatif s’est traduit par l’érosion progressive du pouvoir traditionnel du Parlement. Désormais, les législatures adoptent les lois dans un contexte où l’acceptabilité est de plus en plus définie devant un tribunal, ce qui modifie l’équilibre entre les pouvoirs politique et judiciaire au cœur du système constitutionnel canadien.

Cette mutation s’est opérée à travers plusieurs évolutions distinctes se renforçant réciproquement :

• L’adoption de l’approche qualifiée d’« évolutive », qui confère intrinsèquement aux tribunaux la faculté, au fil du temps, d’étendre la portée constitutionnelle au-delà de ses limites historiques.

• La relativisation des droits assurés par la Charte conformément à l’article 1, les droits devenant systématiquement subordonnés à un rééquilibrage judiciaire étendu et ad hoc.

• L’interprétation extensive et approfondie de la garantie relative à la « vie, la liberté et la sécurité de la personne » énoncée à l’article 7, la transformant en une base extrêmement large pour l’examen d’une loi.

• L’élévation des « hypothèses raisonnables » au rang de fondement pour conclure à la non-conformité d’une loi avec la Charte, en particulier la disposition de l’article 12 contre les peines cruelles et inusitées, en vertu de laquelle une peine minimale obligatoire peut être jugée inopérante.

• La flambée des droits à l’égalité prévus à l’article 15, résultant d’une interprétation qui étend la compétence des tribunaux à des secteurs complexes de la politique sociale.

• Une propension accrue à admettre la surveillance judiciaire du déroulement parlementaire, ce qui modifie la démarcation classique entre les tribunaux et les organes législatifs.

Considérés globalement, ces éléments constituent un éloignement important des fondements traditionnels de la démocratie parlementaire au Canada. Par l’agrégation d’interprétations judiciaires non conformes aux normes établies, les tribunaux redéfinissent, à d’importants égards, l’étendue de la compétence législative.

La restauration de l’équilibre constitutionnel s’appuiera sur les dispositifs prévus par notre Constitution, destinés à préserver le rôle de l’autorité politique aux côtés des tribunaux. Les gouvernements se doivent d’intervenir de façon intentionnelle et cohérente pour préserver leur rôle institutionnel, notamment à travers les mesures suivantes :

• En réaffirmant la liberté législative au moyen de l’article 33 de la Charte, également connu sous le nom de « clause dérogatoire » ou « nonobstant », lorsqu’elle se justifie.

• En chargeant les procureurs de la Couronne de plaider en faveur d’une révision des précédents judiciaires contestables, l’objectif étant de contrer les « guerres juridiques », c’est-à-dire les débats visant à perturber l’élaboration des politiques publiques.

• En interdisant aux tribunaux de contester les travaux parlementaires par la modification de la législation encadrant l’admissibilité des preuves.

• En limitant les « guerres juridiques » par le renforcement du seuil de compétence pécuniaire.

• En corrigeant l’interprétation inexacte de l’article 24 de la Charte par la Cour suprême, au moyen d’un amendement destiné à restreindre les réparations ordonnées par les tribunaux en lien avec les lois ou les procédures.

L’ordre constitutionnel du Canada s’appuie sur un équilibre subtil entre les autorités politique et judiciaire. Cet équilibre a été modifié de façon progressive, mais déterminante. Il est fondamental de le restaurer afin de garantir un système dans lequel les représentants élus, et non pas les tribunaux, occupent le rôle central dans la prise de décision publique.

 

Tags: Kerry SunYuan Yi Zhu

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